N₂ physisorption for specific surface areas quantification and pore size distribution.

Particle Size Distribution with laser diffraction.

Inductively Coupled Plasma with Atomic Emission Spectroscopy for elementary analysis on solids and liquids.

Thermogravimetric Analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) of solid materials.

High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy for identification of atomic structure and elemental coordination in specific parts of catalyst particles.

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in combination with Pyridine adsorption for acidity quantification of solid catalysts.

Temperature Programmed processes like reduction, oxidation and NH₃ or CO₂ desorption for reducibility, oxidative and acidity or basicity studies on solid catalysts. Detection via Mass Spectroscopy (MS).

Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy for surface morphology observation and elemental distribution on solid particles (mapping, linescans).

Elemental analysis mainly for Carbon content on solid catalysts and liquid samples.

X-Ray Diffraction for crystal phases detection and Unit Cell Size of zeolites measurement.